These crackdowns impede effective public health responses, given that civil society can be a crucial partner to governmentsespecially for authoritarians with weak state capacity, such as those in many countries in Africa, former Soviet states, and the Middle Eastin terms of collecting and distributing accurate and timely health-related information and delivering resources and care. When nobody stopped them, they became bolder and more aggressive. We call these characteristics fascism, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism. Four key weaknesses are manifest. Some democratic leaders have displayed weakness and avoidance, tried to suppress contrary voices, failed to work effectively with local authorities, and refrained from implementing much-needed public health measures out of concern about their economic impact. Estonias foreign minister, Margus Tsahkna, said he was seeking to find out why China has such a position or comments about the Baltic states. . German authorities sent thousands, including leftist members of Parliament, to newly established concentration camps. How successful was Castro's domestic policy in meeting his aims for Cuba? Mussolini's war against Ethiopia in 1935 brought race into focus as a Fascist concern. colonial rule (1910-1945). NARRATOR: Mussolini, founder of the Italian National Fascist party, was among the first to experiment in this way. She has taught at Sonoma State University and Stanford. They regulated marriage and sexual intercourse between the two groups, and stripped citizenship from both Jews and Roma. Use of legal methods; use of force; charismatic leadership; dissemination of propaganda, - ABYSSINIA: Italy decides to invade Abyssinia (won and took steps towards rebuilding roman empire) Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system; First and foremost is a penchant for feeble rather than decisive leadership. Authoritarian states DO NOT emerge in times of peace and prosperity. No party was able to win a clear majority, and without political consensus, successive governments could not effectively govern the nation. Sexual norms were in flux. What followed soon after were two devastating wars. The German banking system collapsed, and by 1930 unemployment skyrocketed to 22%. After nearly two years of fighting and more than one-hundred deaths, the Fascists had defeated the Socialists. It got a bad name': the death of the post-Soviet dream, Russia-Ukraine war as it happened: explosion derails Russian train; at least 34 injured after Pavlohrad attack, Myhunting trip with Yeltsin killed off the Soviet Union, UKexpected to stop funding Chinese state-linked Mandarin teaching schools, Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 432 of the invasion, TheSoviet Union collapsed overnight. The state decided who was an enemy quickly, arbitrarily (randomly), and irreversibly. Washington, DC 20024-2126 Germany has awakened! For example, all of them embraced nationalism, and they all found ways to justify violence against civilians. Finally, the outcome of the campaign affirmed the Fascist view that, at the end of the day, violent struggle led to power. Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you. When they seized power, Fascists had hoped to take over the Italian state completely. They believed Japan had a superior culture, and could rule other Asians better than the European empires had. It declared a state policy of overt discrimination against Africans, Arabs, and Jews. The purge created an environment of intense political terror. Beginning in 1925, Mussolini tried to strengthen the party and expand its reach. Economic conditions stabilized for a few years, then the worldwide depression hit in 1929. - abortion and divorce were illegal, -Racism appeared a bit in Romanita movement: 'prestigious race' needed to create and maintain empire But on the whole, these tendencies have been much less marked among democracies compared to autocracies. Authoritarian regimes are systems of government that have no established mechanism for the transfer of executive power and do not afford their citizens civil liberties or political rights. ROMAN CATHOLICISM= official state religion of Italy, Authoritarian control was never completely achieved bc M had to SHARE power with TRADITIONAL italian groups such as the monarchy and the catholic church. mussolini created a dictarship in italy when he was given the position as prime minister, Course: World History Project - 1750 to the Present, World History Project - 1750 to the Present. Effective national public health responses to the pandemic require not just clear, consistent mandates from the top, but integrated approaches in which regional and local authorities can take initiative, adapt responses to local conditions, and report critical information up the line. 90-92 - How did Castro deal with the continuing US attempts to oust him? Adolf Hitler was not elected to office and he did not have to seize power. He used the jail time to dictate his political ideas in a book,Mein KampfMy Struggle. Compare and contrast the importance of propaganda to the emergence of two authoritarian states. The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. (May 2007, 2005), Analyse the methods used to maintain power by either Pern or Stalin. The fighting in northern Italy had shaped the Fascist movement in four ways: By 1922, with these experiences behind them, Mussolini and his followers liked their chances of taking over Italy. These decisions affected political officials, army members, peasants, ethnic minorities, artists, scientists, intellectuals, foreigners, and ordinary Soviet citizens. 83 - How did Castro's policies on elections + INRA reflect this shift? of three authoritarian states should be studied. Washington, DC 20036-2103. 96. The conquest of Ethiopia prompted Fascists to set harsher boundaries of who could be assimilated and who could not. More than fifty million people from around the world visited the Universal Expositiona worlds fair intended to promote greater understanding and tolerance among nations, and to celebrate the new century, new inventions, exciting progress. First he attacked the Greek island of Corfu. 87 - How did the US respond to the Cuban Revolution? At the end of the third read, you should be able to respond to these questions: Looking back on history, we can often see patterns emerging just before dangerous or terrible events occurred. We include resources for teaching with limited class time, for English/Language Arts, and for History classes. 100-01 - What economic policies did the Government introduce to deal with the issues that Cuba faced? Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, Ideology, Role of Leaders, Use of Force, Persuasion, Propaganda, RAS- local fascist leaders in charge of action squads, -M deployed squadristi (paramilitary of the PNF led by ras) to, -M renounced atheism to appeal to Catholic Church, -Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (OND): recreational club for adults. Photo of the fascist military forces known as the Blackshirts marching down an Italian street in Parma. It was a cataclysm that darkened the worlds view of humanity and its future. 2016. This unique book weaves together literary works, . Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. Under the pressure of unending carnage, governments toppled and great empires dissolved. Winston Churchill said the war left a crippled, broken world., TEXT ON SCREEN: The new governments first targets were political opponents. The French president caused anger and alarm when he said Europe needed to avoid getting drawn into a US-China conflict over crises that are not ours, namely the status of Taiwan. The fighting nourished the Fascists belief in violence as the true path to manhood. In what ways did Mussolini pursue an aggressive foreign policy? A totalitarian regime has a highly centralized system of government that requires strict obedience. (Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis). The Nazi Party recruited, organized, and produced a newspaper to spread its message. 2. They believed victory on the battlefield abroad would bring back the glory of ancient Rome and show the world Italy was a real player in the "game of empire." Although many Japanese civilians were not supportive of these military efforts, it became dangerous to question the government or the military. A third debility of the pandemic responses of many authoritarian regimes has been the lack of coherence and flexibility in the hierarchy of governance. This created famine conditions. The democratic elections of Weimar Germany were idealistic, as they allowed representation of a wide cross-section of society in the Government. Although there was much weakness in the political system of Weimar Germany from 1919-1933, one man stablised all areas of both politics and daily life for Germans, and hence must be considered a key block in the Nazis' rise to power. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. The humiliation of Germanys defeat and the peace settlement that followed in 1919 would play an important role in the rise of Nazism and the coming of a second world war just 20 years later. EU leaders are expected to discuss China policy in June after a recent trip by Emmanuel Macron exposed differences in approach towards handling Xi Jinpings authoritarian rule. Neysun Mahboubi, a research scholar at the Center for the Study of Contemporary China at the University of Pennsylvania, said on Twitter that Lus comments were totally stupid and that the level of incompetence is just staggering. Now that youve skimmed the article, you should preview the questions you will be answering. The devastating economic effects of lockdown measures have pressured all governments to find a workable balance between public health concerns and citizens economic needs. (goal: increase acceptance of fascist ideology {many ignored indoctrination aspects}), 3.) How the state emerged and how power was established - economic, social and political factors; use of propaganda, force,. The leaders of Tajikistan and Turkmenistan both responded to the arrival of the virus by outright denying its presence in their countries. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 On top of these governance factors, the economic devastation that most authoritarian countries are facing will further add to citizens anger and restlessness and reduce the financial tools besieged leaders often use to buy off key discontented sectors. Despite Nazi terror and brutal suppression of their opponents, many German citizens willingly accepted or actively supported these extreme measures in favor of order and security. Through violence, they had become what one historian called, "a. Emergence of authoritarian states. Such movements were a common feature of interwar fascism. (3) How did Castro's domestic policies affect Cuba? Analyse themethods used to eliminate opposition by two single-party rulers, each chosen from a different region. But this challenge is especially difficult for governments that do not enjoy the legitimacy that comes from winning free and fair elections and that instead rely heavily on economic performance as their primary source of popular legitimacy. Standards of behavior were changing. Unsurprisingly, the economic conditions in a nation have long played an integral role in the emergence of authoritarian states, with such an idea perfectly illustrated through the establishment of Benito Mussolini's fascist authoritarian state . The democratic nature of the Weimar Republic paradoxically led directly to the creation of Nazi authoritarian state, as it created an environment of expression and new ideas in which Nazism flourished. The Fascists learned that paramilitary violence was an effective political tool. How did conditions in Germany and Europe at the end of World War I contribute to the rise and triumph of Nazism in Germany. irreconcilable disparities that were rooted in the different political conditions and traditions of each country. Certainly, Mussolini and the Fascists saw ethnic minorities as impediments to the creation of a purely Italian state. 'Elsewhere these groups [like the Nazis] could have been ignored and allowed to die out. Separately, Chinas envoy to the EU, Fu Cong, said in an interview published on Monday that Beijings cooperation with Europe and other nations was endless, just as its ties with Russia were unlimited.