Frenkel-Brunswik, Else 1949 Intolerance of Ambiguity as an Emotional and Perceptual Personality Variable. Thus, it is not possible to assert unconditionally that cross pressures will always reduce social and political tensions. A second section provides more details on how the construct is measured empirically, relying on a method that was proposed by Brader, Tucker and Therriault (2014). What happens to the brain during adolescence? 2 In most elections since 1972, ANES respondents have been asked to place themselves on a seven-point scale, where 1 is "Men and women should be equal" and 7 is "women's place is in the home." Washington, D.C. 20036 Foreign The Voting Rights Act of 1965 requires that ballots be printed in __________ languages. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. RT @DavidOAtkins: This chart explains *so much* about modern American politics. Private Company. New York: Knopf. The PPS group saw a rise in the share of the vote for both the major parties, but this was much larger for the Conservatives than for Labour. A distinction is made between two different theories of political behavior which have been grouped together under the term "cross-pressures." 2A Jiangtai Road, Chaoyang District But recent survey research finds that most currently undecided voters are cross pressured, with conflicting preferences rather than consistently moderate views. Citizen Keith. business, or non-profit organizations. We encourage you to continue the conversation around cross-pressure voting and share your own thoughts and experiences with others. Encyclopedia.com. About a quarter of the electorate are "cross pressured" on economics and immigration aligning with Democrats on one issue and Republicans on the other. President Joe Biden formally announced that he would seek reelection in 2024, readying a historic campaign against a Republican field dominated by his predecessor while economic . Biden's low poll numbers are exactly what we should expect, How Christian Overtook the Protestant Label. Pages 162183 in Eugene Burdick and Arthur J. Brodbeck (editors), American Voting Behavior. Rather, certain personality characteristics, the frequency of their occurrence in a given society, and their distribution over the structure of social roles must be considered contributory sources of variability. Clearly, it is possible to imagine cases in which a strong attachment to a congruent set of attitudes or to groups with congruent attitudes goes with low interest in both the decision process and the outcome. Over a seven-year period, Mahar wrote a number of checks to employees exclusively for the purpose of embezzling funds for herself. The challenge is to identify the factors that contribute to their complexity and craft a message that speaks to them on several levels. 127130). The number of Americans who are liberal on economics but conservative on immigration is much larger than the number of Americans who are conservative on economics and liberal on immigration. membership association dedicated to advancing sociology as a scientific discipline How can politicians appeal to cross-pressured voters? Voters Under Pressure: Group-Based Cross-Pressure and Electoral Volatility, VOTER VOLATILITY, LONG-TERM DETERMINANTS, AND SHORT-TERM DETERMINANTS OF THE VOTE, How socio-demographic factors have fared over time, A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR EXPLAINING CHANGE: Group-based Cross-pressures and voter volatility, Sources of instability: Cross-pressures and unconstrained vote choices, How cross-pressured voters motivate their vote, How cross-pressured voters evaluate parties, The impact of cross-pressures: Less constraint, Cross-pressures, late deciding, and volatility, Appendix A Data sets used for the analyses, Appendix B Percentage of campaign deciders by election, Appendix D Change in the role of socio-demographics, Appendix E Partisanship in Germany: West versus East, Appendix G Wording of partisan strength measures, Appendix H Strength of partisanship, stacked area graphs, Appendix I Long-term and short-term factors, illustration, Appendix J Economic voting over time, alternative analytical approaches, Appendix K Measurement and wording of short-term variables, Appendix L Change in the role of economic and leader evaluations, Appendix N European Election Study voter survey analyses, Appendix O Age, period, and cohort effects, Appendix P Party system fragmentation over time, Appendix Q Group-based cross-pressure and strength of partisan attachments, Appendix R Broader indicator of cross-pressure, Appendix S Measures of sophistication and frustration, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894137.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894137.003.0007. Which of these responses will actually occur may be a matter of the individuals ability to tolerate internal conflict. What is the rule set forth by that provision? Stay connected for new books and special offers. About half (49 percent) of the electorate is consistently to the left on economic issues (including social welfare policies, inequality, taxation, and regulation) and immigration issues (including whether immigrants contribute or detract from American society, and whether it should be easier or harder for immigrants to come to America). "Adriana-Cecilia Neagu, ABC Journal, "The Persuadable Voter should prove a cornerstone of contemporary scholarship about campaigns. Neither version of the cross-pressure hypothesis contains any theoretical notions, nor are there any data that might help in deciding how an individual will react to cross pressureby an increase in, or a reduction of, one-sided commitment. Pressure groups are collections of individuals who hold a similar set of values and beliefs based on ethnicity, religion, political philosophy, or a, Bentley, Arthur F. Opler 1959). services to its members and to promote the vitality, visibility, and diversity Truman, David B. A cross pressured voter is someone who is receiving mixed cues as to how they should vote. Anne paid$145,000 for the annuity, and in exchange she will receive $200,000 over the term of the annuity. Three types of response to cross pressures seem possible: (1) withdrawal or alienation (as hypothesized in the voting studies); (2) over-reactive affirmation of, or extreme commitment to, one of the alternatives (Festingers hypothesis); and (3) careful weighing of all alternatives with possible innovation as a solution (Simmels hypothesis). This attempt was also unsuccessful.[8]. CROSS-PRESSURED ECONOMIC VOTING 39 Weatherford's notion here is a useful one. Berelson, Bernard; Lazarsfeld, Paul F.; and McPhee, William N. 1954 Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Therefore, two conditions appear to be necessary for the cross-pressure hypothesis to be applicable: the outcome of the impending decision must have emotional significance; and the outcome must be delayed or uncertain. Washington, D.C.August 6, 2019 ." By working together, we can deepen our understanding of this important topic and strive towards a more informed and united society. The checks were drawn on Golden Years' account at First National Bank. Michael Bitzer, Choice, "The Persuadable Voter is clearly a well researched book, with sound arguments and complex methodologies to back these arguments up. How much of the first$20,000 payment should Anne include in gross income? Affiliative conflict can result from a persons attachment to several groups which have preferences for different alternatives. For the PPS group higher taxation and welfare spending is likely to be in their economic interest but a lack of education leads them to be conservative on social issues. Anne purchased an annuity from an insurance company that promised to pay her $20,000 per year for the next 10 years. //